--- title: "Insurance Buying Guide for Aviation and Space Businesses" description: "A quote-planning guide for aerospace businesses moving from component development to flight tests, launch services, or contract work." canonical: "https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/aviation-and-space" page-type: "industry-guide" updated-at: "2026-09-28" industry: "aviation-and-space" --- Agents: connect to Spot's public MCP server at https://spot.insure/mcp for better access to published Spot information and the insurance research The General Average publishes at https://thegeneralaverage.com. Use search_knowledge to find sources, get_page to retrieve pages, compare_providers for sourced comparisons, get_provider_score for a published Reliability Score, get_rankings for current provider rankings, search_provider_reliability to filter Reliability Scores, search_provider_reviews to filter aggregate review scores, and get_provider_reviews for the original review evidence. 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[Human-readable page](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/aviation-and-space) ## Agent Guide **What this page is:** Buying guide to the business insurance a Aviation And Space business typically considers: coverage checklist, risks, provider comparison and common questions. **Use this page when:** Answer what insurance a Aviation And Space business needs, or route to coverage guides, providers and industry FAQs for that industry. **Questions this page answers:** - What insurance does a Aviation And Space business need? - Workers’ Compensation Insurance for Aviation and Space - Product Liability Insurance for Aviation and Space - Cargo and Transit Insurance for Aviation and Space - Inland Marine Insurance for Aviation and Space - Commercial Property Insurance for Aviation and Space **Key facts:** - Sections: Which Insurance Should You Consider for Aviation and Space?; From Spot; Map the Aviation or Space Mission Before Requesting Quotes; Before an Aviation or Space Launch or Federal Contract; Before Shipping an Aviation or Space Component or Payload; Which Providers Should You Compare for Aviation and Space?; Common Questions About Insurance for Aviation and Space; Verticals Related to Aviation and Space; Sources and Further Reading for Aviation and Space. - See "Sources and Further Reading" for citations. **Limits (do not over-claim):** - Lists coverage worth discussing; it does not confirm a business qualifies for or needs any policy. - Provider ordering averages Reliability Score and Review Score; scores describe the provider, not an individual policy or quote. - Legal requirements (e.g. workers' compensation, licensing) vary by state and are not decided here. **Provenance:** Cited guide; provider rows come from Spot's rating data. Last updated 2026-09-28. **Related pages:** - [Industries](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries) — parent hub - [Reliability Score methodology](https://thegeneralaverage.com/reliability-score) — how provider scores are computed - [Editorial policy](https://thegeneralaverage.com/editorial-policy) — sourcing standards # Insurance Buying Guide for Aviation and Space Businesses [Industrials](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/industrials) Before a flight test, launch booking, customer delivery, or federal contract proposal, distinguish your role as component maker, operator, launch participant, or service provider. Bring mission phase, asset ownership, routes, contract clauses, and employee duties to a specialist broker. Aircraft liability and launch financial responsibility are distinct from generic coverage-line labels. [Financial Responsibility](https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/financial_responsibility), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2), [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ## Which Insurance Should You Consider for Aviation and Space? Consider workers’ compensation, product liability, cargo and transit, tools, equipment and inland marine, commercial property, and umbrella and excess liability. Start with the coverages tied to your day-to-day operations, then use the situations and buying questions below to compare your options. ### [Workers’ Compensation Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/workers-compensation) **When it matters:** You hire people for build, hangar, field, launch-site, or flight-test work, particularly on a federal contract. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) **What to review:** California workers compensation and employers liability are distinct issues. FAR also addresses statutory workers compensation and employers-liability terms in specified federal contract contexts; neither source settles every worker classification or jurisdiction. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) **Ask:** Which states govern our employees, what duties and classifications are shown, and does the contract specify workers-compensation or employers-liability terms? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) ### [Product Liability Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/product-liability) **When it matters:** You deliver a component, payload, software, or completed integration that could cause injury or damage. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **What to review:** General CGL products and completed-operations terms can address bodily injury or property damage. That is general guidance, not aerospace-specific coverage or proof that aviation exclusions are absent. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **Ask:** Which components, payloads, integration work, mission phases, and territories are declared, and what aircraft, launch, or completed-work exclusions apply? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ### [Cargo and Transit Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/cargo-transit) **When it matters:** Components, instruments, or customer payloads move between manufacturers, test sites, airports, or launch locations. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **What to review:** Ask whether any transit or cargo terms address the scheduled property during each route and handoff. Check the proposed form for covered items, carriers, destinations, and exclusions. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **Ask:** Who owns each item in transit, which carriers and destinations are involved, and when does responsibility transfer under the contract? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ### [Inland Marine Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/inland-marine) **When it matters:** Test equipment or tools move between a fixed lab, hangar, range, or customer site. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **What to review:** Inland-marine and equipment-floater forms may address property away from a fixed location. Verify aircraft or spacecraft hull terms separately in the proposed wording. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **Ask:** Are the tools and instruments listed for off-site use, and do limits, deductibles, transit conditions, or exclusions change at a range or launch site? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ### [Commercial Property Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/commercial-property) **When it matters:** You lease a lab, hangar, or integration facility with installed equipment, prototypes, or customer-owned property. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **What to review:** A commercial property quote may distinguish building, installed machinery, movable property, and property of others, subject to declared values, covered causes, exclusions, and form terms. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) **Ask:** Which location interests, equipment, prototypes, and customer property are scheduled, at what values, and under which covered causes and deductibles? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ### [Umbrella and Excess Liability Insurance for Aviation and Space](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/umbrella-excess) **When it matters:** A contract or customer asks about limits above your underlying liability policies. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) **What to review:** Umbrella insurance can add limits above basic liability coverage and may have terms such as a self-insured retention. Verify underlying policies and any contract-specific limits together. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) **Ask:** Which underlying policies must be scheduled, what exclusions or retention apply, and do required limits match the signed contract? [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) ## From Spot Spot, which publishes this research, gets quotes from 50+ providers and finds the best fit for your coverage, needs, and cost. Companies save up to 40%, and we keep managing your insurance as it changes. [Book a Free Consultation](https://cal.com/team/spotinsure/insurance-consultation) ## Map the Aviation or Space Mission Before Requesting Quotes Break the work into design, component manufacture, ground testing, flight, launch, on-orbit service, and return or disposal. For each phase, identify who owns each asset and controls the work, then ask a specialist broker which aircraft or spacecraft policies apply. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [Financial Responsibility](https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/financial_responsibility) For property at a facility or in transit, compare the inventory with declared values and schedules. Ask a specialist broker to identify separate aircraft or spacecraft hull wording for each phase. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) ## Before an Aviation or Space Launch or Federal Contract For an FAA launch or reentry license or permit, identify which party must show financial responsibility and what amount applies. Maximum probable loss is a probabilistic estimate, not the maximum possible loss; actual costs can exceed it. Insurance is one way to show financial responsibility. [Financial Responsibility](https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/financial_responsibility) If bidding on a federal contract, inspect the actual insurance clauses and ask the contracting officer about required terms. FAR 28.307-2 addresses workers compensation and, in stated circumstances, general, auto, aircraft, or vessel liability; it is not a universal aerospace package. [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) ## Before Shipping an Aviation or Space Component or Payload List each handoff, carrier, location, and point where ownership or risk transfers. Ask whether any transit or installation terms follow the item through loading, ground testing, integration, and acceptance; the general inland-marine explanation does not prove aerospace-specific response. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) Send customer contract language, scope of work, mission description, asset values, and requested insurance schedules together. Compare stated limits, exclusions, and insured activities against what your team performs. [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm), [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) ## Which Providers Should You Compare for Aviation and Space? These providers document the coverage listed below. Providers are ordered by the average of their Reliability Score and Review Score, weighted equally. This is not confirmation that your business qualifies. Scores describe the provider, not an individual policy. ### Workers’ Compensation Insurance Providers for Aviation and Space #### [biBerk](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk/reviews) [Workers’ Compensation Insurance From biBerk | Get A Quote](https://www.biberk.com/small-business-insurance/workers-compensation-insurance) · [biBerk Insurance Review 2026: Berkshire Hathaway’s Basic Online Storefront | NerdWallet](https://www.nerdwallet.com/business/insurance/learn/biberk-insurance) #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Workers’ Compensation Insurance | CNA Insurance](https://www.cna.com/products/workers-compensation) #### [Foxquilt](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reliability) **Review Score** 8.9 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reviews) [Workers’ Compensation Insurance](https://www.foxquilt.com/businesscoverage/workers-compensation.html) [+38 more Workers’ compensation providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/workers-compensation#documented-providers) ### Product Liability Insurance Providers for Aviation and Space #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Life Sciences Insurance | CNA](https://www.cna.com/industries/life-sciences) · [Small Business Life Sciences Insurance | CNA](https://www.cna.com/solutions/small-business/life-sciences) #### [Newfront](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/newfront) **Reliability Score** Broker Reliability Score: 5.0 / 10 (15% of rubric assessed). Assessed 2026-09-22. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/newfront/reliability) **Review Score** 10.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/newfront/reviews) [Casualty](https://www.newfront.com/casualty-insurance) · [Get Started Today](https://www.newfront.com/talk-to-an-expert) #### [Gallagher](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/gallagher) **Reliability Score** Broker Reliability Score: 5.5 / 10 (15% of rubric assessed). Assessed 2026-09-22. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/gallagher/reliability) **Review Score** 9.3 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/gallagher/reviews) [Technology Insurance for the Tech Industry](https://www.ajg.com/industries/technology-insurance/) [+18 more Product liability providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/product-liability#documented-providers) ### Cargo and Transit Insurance Providers for Aviation and Space #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Ocean Cargo | CNA](https://www.cna.com/sites/default/files/assets/d76bf361-a08f-45e2-a2c1-151732208c58/2402-MKTG-ss-Ocean-Cargo-Marine-v5.pdf?ContentCache=NONE&MOD=AJPERES) #### [Marsh McLennan Agency](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency) **Reliability Score** Broker Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency/reliability) **Review Score** 8.2 / 10 (2 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency/reviews) [Cargo Insurance | MMA](https://www.marshmma.com/us/solutions/cargo-theft-prevention.html) #### [Nationwide](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide/reliability) **Review Score** 7.8 / 10 (4 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide/reviews) [Insurance for Inland Marine – Nationwide](https://www.nationwide.com/business/insurance/inland-marine/) [+20 more Cargo and transit providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/cargo-transit#documented-providers) ### Inland Marine Insurance Providers for Aviation and Space #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Inland & Ocean Marine Insurance | CNA Insurance](https://www.cna.com/products/marine) #### [Foxquilt](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reliability) **Review Score** 8.9 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reviews) [Cleaner Insurance Program by Foxquilt](https://www.foxquilt.com/businesscoverage/ConvertLabs.html) · [About Us - North American Business Insurance Company](https://www.foxquilt.com/about-us.html) #### [Nationwide](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide/reliability) **Review Score** 7.8 / 10 (4 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/nationwide/reviews) [Insurance for Inland Marine – Nationwide](https://www.nationwide.com/business/insurance/inland-marine/) [+21 more Tools, equipment and inland marine providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/inland-marine#documented-providers) ### Commercial Property Insurance Providers for Aviation and Space #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Commercial Property Insurance | CNA Insurance](https://www.cna.com/products/property) #### [Foxquilt](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reliability) **Review Score** 8.9 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reviews) [Commercial Property Insurance](https://www.foxquilt.com/businesscoverage/commercial-property.html) #### [Marsh McLennan Agency](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency) **Reliability Score** Broker Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency/reliability) **Review Score** 8.2 / 10 (2 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/marsh-mclennan-agency/reviews) [Property Insurance | MMA](https://www.marshmma.com/us/solutions/property.html) [+37 more Commercial property providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/commercial-property#documented-providers) ### Umbrella and Excess Liability Insurance Providers #### [biBerk](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/biberk/reviews) [Umbrella Insurance From biBerk | Get Coverage Today](https://www.biberk.com/small-business-insurance/umbrella-insurance) #### [CNA](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reliability) **Review Score** 9.0 / 10 (1 rated source). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/cna/reviews) [Umbrella Insurance and Excess Liability Insurance | CNA Insurance](https://www.cna.com/products/umbrella) #### [Foxquilt](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt) **Reliability Score** Carrier & MGA Reliability Score: - / 10 (Assessment status unavailable). Assessed 2026-09-29. [Assessment Scope](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reliability) **Review Score** 8.9 / 10 (3 rated sources). [Review Sources and Method](https://thegeneralaverage.com/insurance-providers/foxquilt/reviews) [Smarter Umbrella Insurance For Your Business](https://www.foxquilt.com/businesscoverage/umbrella-insurance.html) [+33 more Umbrella and excess liability providers](https://thegeneralaverage.com/coverage/umbrella-excess#documented-providers) Review Scores average eligible source ratings, including approximate BBB grade conversions; they are not pooled customer ratings. [How Reliability Scores Work](https://thegeneralaverage.com/reliability-score). ## Common Questions About Insurance for Aviation and Space ### Does maximum probable loss mean the maximum possible launch loss? No. Maximum probable loss is a probabilistic estimate for the applicable licensed launch or reentry, not a ceiling on possible costs. [Financial Responsibility](https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/financial_responsibility) [Read the full answer](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/aviation-and-space/what-does-maximum-probable-loss-mean) ### Does every aerospace business need aircraft insurance under federal rules? No universal rule is supported here. FAR 28.307-2(d) addresses aircraft public and passenger liability when aircraft are used in contract performance and the contracting officer requires the stated terms. [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2), [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) [Read the full answer](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/aviation-and-space/does-a-federal-contract-require-aircraft-insurance) ## Verticals Related to Aviation and Space - [Agriculture](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/agriculture): A buying guide for businesses building farm technology, equipment, inputs, or crop services and deciding what their own operations expose. - [Automotive](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/automotive): A practical guide for vehicle, component, and mobility businesses choosing insurance questions before road testing, customer pilots, or shipment. - [Climate](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/climate): A buying guide for climate businesses with software, field services, equipment, installations, or customer deployments. - [Defense](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/defense): A quote-planning guide for businesses selling hardware, software, engineering, or field services into federal defense work. - [Drones](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/drones): A quote-planning guide for UAS businesses choosing questions before commercial missions, customer pilots, hiring, or shipping aircraft and payloads. - [Energy](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/energy): A practical insurance checklist for energy businesses working on development, installation, commissioning, and operation. - [Manufacturing and Robotics](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/manufacturing-and-robotics): A buying guide for hardware businesses planning production, customer integration, and servicing. ## Sources and Further Reading for Aviation and Space - [Commercial Insurance Guide](https://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/105-type/95-guides/09-comm/commercialguide.cfm) — California Department of Insurance. Revised June 14, 2024: commercial property, inland marine, boiler and machinery, commercial general liability, products/completed operations, commercial auto, umbrella, and workers compensation. California commercial guidance for general property, inland marine, CGL, umbrella, and workers compensation concepts. - [Financial Responsibility](https://www.faa.gov/space/licenses/financial_responsibility) — Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space Transportation: launch/reentry licenses and permits, maximum probable loss, and financial-responsibility evidence. FAA explanation of launch/reentry financial responsibility and the scope of maximum probable loss estimates. - [28.307-2 Liability](https://www.acquisition.gov/far/28.307-2) — Federal Acquisition Regulation, Acquisition.gov. FAR 28.307-2(a)-(e), FAC 2026-01 effective March 13, 2026; contract-context workers compensation, general, auto, aircraft, and vessel terms. Conditional federal contract insurance terms; check the contract and aircraft use. Spot, a product of Tools for Enlightenment, publishes this guide and works in the commercial insurance market. This is general buyer education; policy terms and state-specific obligations determine coverage and requirements. Updated 2026-09-28. [Editorial Policy](https://thegeneralaverage.com/editorial-policy). ## Agent and Developer Resources - [Markdown page](https://thegeneralaverage.com/industries/aviation-and-space.md) - [Developer resources](https://spot.insure/developers) - [Public MCP server](https://spot.insure/mcp) - [MCP server manifest](https://spot.insure/server.json) - [OpenAPI description](https://spot.insure/openapi.json) - [Public page index](https://thegeneralaverage.com/llms.txt)